The early Islamic model of governance was not born out of tribal power politics or hereditary rule. It emerged as a moral revolution grounded in justice, consultation and service of humanity. Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and the first four caliphs, and later Umar bin Abdul Aziz, governed with an unwavering sense of ethical responsibility, humility and public accountability. Governance was not about control but care; not about commanding obedience but fostering participation.

In the brief period of the rightly guided caliphs, the Islamic polity reflected an egalitarian spirit and a collective approach. Leaders were answerable to the people, the treasury was considered a trust, and rulers led austere lives, walking amongst the people as servants rather than as sovereigns. This was a political model unlike any in its time, neither monarchy nor aristocracy, but a values-driven community.

However, the latter part of Caliph Uthman's rule saw the emergence of internal discontent. Though personally upright, his administrative decisions triggered unrest. His tragic........

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