A new historical analysis is challenging conventional understandings of the Nation of Islam (NOI), presenting it not merely as a Black nationalist religious movement but as a deliberate counter-theology shaped by global Islamic currents and the lived realities of twentieth-century Black America.

The study traces the intellectual roots of the NOI beyond the United States, arguing that key theological ideas, most notably the notion of a new prophetic figure, were influenced by the South Asian Ahmadiyya movement that emerged in British India. There, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad’s claim to messianic authority and his global missionary outlook offered a model later adapted within an........

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