The year 2025 proved to be one of the busiest and most consequential for PM Narendra Modi and India, marked by outreach to 23 countries across Africa, the Middle East and Europe. These engagements delivered tangible diplomatic, economic and strategic outcomes. Consolidation of ties with the Maldives and other Global South partners was complemented by diversified strategic partnerships, notably with the UK and the EU. A palpable thaw stabilised India-China relations, bringing them out of the trough following the Galwan clash in 2020. PM Modi’s meetings in 2025 with Canadian PM Mark Carney during the G7 and G20 summits ensured that the year ended with a renewal of ties between the two democracies.

Modi’s stature rose tangibly amid global trade volatility. His resolve in the face of President Donald Trump’s tariff war stood out, even as others buckled under pressure. By........

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