Pakistan’s experience in 2025 highlighted the intricate relationship between national security and societal well-being. Counter-terrorism efforts, while essential, sometimes strain civil liberties and exacerbate social divides. The presence of extremism, often linked to socio-economic grievances and a historical context of inequality, cannot be solely addressed through security operations. A holistic approach, integrating security measures with robust social welfare policies, education reform, and economic empowerment, is essential for cultivating a truly egalitarian and secure society. The lessons indicate that true national security extends beyond border protection; it encompasses human security and the creation of an inclusive environment where all citizens feel a stake in the nation’s future.

The repeated recourse to the IMF in 2025 raised fundamental questions about Pakistan’s economic autonomy. While IMF programs provided critical liquidity and forced some necessary fiscal discipline, they also perpetuated a cycle of dependency. The conditions attached to these programs, though aimed at structural reform, often........

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