Pakistan, a vessel perpetually traversing turbulent seas, completed another year of its journey in 2025. The waves it encountered were formidable, testing its structural integrity and the skill of its crew. Examining the year past offers an opportunity to chart a clearer course for the future. The nation contended with complex domestic and international currents, influencing its political framework, economic health, security paradigm, and societal cohesion.

The year 2025 presented a mixed record for political stability. Pakistan’s federal system frequently grapples with the impact of governance team changes on centralisation and decentralisation, a historical pattern observed since its first constitution in 1956. While elected governments pursued their mandates, the influence of non-elected remained a subject of public discourse. Notwithstanding debatable constitutional amendments, especially the 27th amendment, efforts towards strengthening democratic institutions continued, yet policy continuity faced interruptions, hindering long-term development initiatives. The Opposition-Treasury discord intensified. Governance reforms saw some incremental gains, particularly in digital service delivery, with increasing citizen awareness and trust in online platforms. However, the foundational issues of accountability and effective resource management persisted, underscoring a need for deeper structural reforms.

Pakistan’s economy in 2025 continued its delicate balancing act. Foreign debt servicing obligations remained a pressing concern, requiring the mobilisation of foreign exchange. Dependence on the International Monetary Fund (IMF) persisted, with Pakistan seeking support multiple times since 2018 to address chronic economic issues like external debt and structural inefficiencies. The IMF’s reform agenda, focused on tax collection and subsidy........

© Daily Times