The agriculture sector of Pakistan occupies a substantial portion of its landmass, 9 percent higher than the glob­al average of 38 percent. Yet the nation faces significant challenges in ensuring food security as evidenced by its low ranking in the Global Hunger Index. This disjuncture be­tween abundant agricultural resources and persistent food insecurity induces genetic engineering as a po­tential solution.

Pakistan’s foray into modern biotechnology dates back to 1985. Since then 56 bio-tech research institu­tions have been founded to genetically modify crops. These institutions facilitated advancements in crop mod­ification, leading to increased yields in staple crops. Howev­er, a narrow focus on staple crops self-sufficiency overlooks the broader definition of food security, which encompasses access to safe and nutritious food. The country’s reliance on imports for nutritious crops like vegetables, pulses, and fruits not only con­tributes to food inflation but also exacerbates the trade deficit.

Currently, Pakistan is the eighth largest wheat producer in the world, yet it struggles with undernourishment and stunted growth among........

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