Russian President Vladimir Putin’s recent two-day state visit to Mongolia was not only a significant moment in bilateral relations between Moscow and Ulaanbaatar but also an event that resonated on the international stage. Mongolia, a nation that ratified the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC), attracted global attention due to its refusal to comply with the ICC’s warrant for Putin’s arrest. This visit highlighted not only Mongolia’s assertion of sovereignty but also the strategic importance of Russian-Mongolian relations amid shifting geopolitical dynamics.

The backdrop of Putin’s visit was the ICC’s arrest warrant for the Russian leader, issued over a year ago in connection with the ongoing conflict in Ukraine. Since the warrant was issued, Putin had avoided travelling to any country with obligations under the ICC’s jurisdiction. Mongolia’s decision not to adhere to the ICC’s mandate raised eyebrows, especially in Europe, where several diplomats had hoped Ulaanbaatar would comply.

Despite threats of sanctions and criticism from European countries, Mongolia stood firm. Kyiv expressed particular outrage, condemning Mongolia’s decision as a “blow to all.” Ukrainian authorities believed that Mongolia had ignored the “clear signal” sent twice regarding the warrant. However, Mongolia’s refusal to comply with the ICC’s directive underscored its determination to prioritise national sovereignty over international pressure. Notably, legal experts have pointed out that the ICC has no effective mechanisms to penalise Mongolia for its non-compliance. The situation draws attention to the broader geopolitical context. While the ICC may express........

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