The U.S. is in the middle of an increasing obesity epidemic (Temple, 2022) and compulsive, unhealthy overeating is arguably one of the most overlooked, complex, and challenging behaviors driving it. The omnipresence of sweet/salty foods in daily life, our emotional connection to eating, and its related pressures have for many complicated our relationship with food and nutrition. Here, I explore 11 reasons why compulsive over-eating can be so challenging and why it can be resistant to traditional treatments.

1. Some processed foods may have addictive qualities (Avena, 2008; Thorsby, 2019). While experts don't consider food to be "addictive" in the way that drugs or gambling can be, ultra-processed and processed foods (especially those heavy in sugar and fat) can strongly activate the brain's reward system. This can trigger compulsive over-eating, as the brain and body learn to increasingly crave the immediate pleasure it yields.

While their effects are different than those of substances like cocaine, they can be similar in dopamine release. Research conducted at Princeton University found that when rats consumed sugar, their brains experienced a surge in dopamine levels similar to what occurs with substance addiction.

2. Junk food is easily accessible, regardless of age. In the U.S., most of us live near a supermarket or convenience store—and unlike cigarettes or alcohol, there is no age limit on buying junk food. This ubiquity and accessibility can enable compulsive over-eating for many. For this reason, some have argued that there should be age limits on the purchase of processed food, given the harm that excessive consumption can cause.

3. The processed food lobby wields powerful influence. Many aren’t aware that large food corporations, agricultural businesses, and trade associations spend significantly on lobbying and political contributions to shape public policy and legislation. Food lobbyists work to influence agricultural policies, food safety standards, labeling regulations, and dietary guidelines. For example, they often advocate for subsidies for certain........

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