In recent years, India has witnessed a subtle yet significant ideological shift as several Maoist cadres and sympathizers have begun returning to the mainstream. This transition is not an isolated development; it reflects a broader transformation within India’s political ecosystem, shaped by evolving socio-economic realities, the ideological exhaustion of violent extremism, and the growing penetration of state-led development in previously insurgency-dominated regions.

Ideological fatigue and erosion of revolutionary narrative

At the heart of the Maoist movement lay a vision of armed revolution inspired by Marxism-Leninism-Maoism—an ideology that glorified the overthrow of the state through violence. But over time, the ideological foundation of the movement has weakened.

The romanticism of “people’s war” has collapsed under the weight of ground realities:
• the failure to establish any sustainable parallel governance,
• internal factionalism,
• the absence of ideological innovation,
• and the global decline of communist revolutionary models.

Most importantly, the Maoist attempt to frame the........

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