In the digital age, public infrastructure has evolved from physical constructs like roads and bridges to sophisticated digital frameworks supporting and enhancing various facets of society.

Digital public infrastructure (DPI) encompasses systems and platforms that provide essential digital services, enabling the functioning of modern economies and societies. DPI refers to the foundational systems and services facilitating digital interactions and transactions among citizens, businesses, and governments.

These systems include digital identification, payment systems, data exchange platforms and internet connectivity, among others. DPI ensures that digital services are accessible, reliable, and secure for all users. DPI’s architecture is typically multi-layered, consisting of several interconnected components:

Digital identity systems: These systems provide individuals with unique digital identities used to access various services. Examples include India’s Aadhaar, Estonia's e-Residency, and the EU’s eIDAS.

Digital payment systems: These platforms enable secure and efficient electronic transactions. Notable examples are the unified payments interface (UPI) in India, M-Pesa in Kenya, and Swish in Sweden.

Data exchange platforms: These systems facilitate the secure sharing of data between different entities, ensuring privacy and interoperability. Examples include Estonia’s X-Road and the EU’s single digital gateway.

Internet connectivity: Robust internet infrastructure is essential for accessing digital services. Initiatives like South Korea’s high-speed internet and Google’s Project Loon aim to provide widespread and reliable connectivity.

Government service platforms: These platforms digitize government services, making them........

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