Political alienation is a profound sense of estrangement or disconnection from the political system and its processes. It manifests in various ways, including apathy, distrust, and a feeling of powerlessness among citizens. This phenomenon is not confined to any political system but varies in prevalence and intensity across different regimes, including democratic and communist systems. Understanding political alienation's root causes and implications is crucial for developing effective mitigation strategies and fostering more inclusive governance.

Political alienation can be broken down into four key components:

In democratic systems, political alienation often arises from perceived........

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