In the Himalayan region, 2023 marked a year of significant shifts in power dynamics, driven by India’s substantial advancements in missile technology and defence systems. These moves have dramatically reshaped the security landscape of South Asia. From Pakistan’s strategic perspective, it’s crucial to thoroughly analyze and comprehend the ramifications of India’s military enhancements and Pakistan’s subsequent strategic countermeasures.

The year began with India’s third successful test of its Hypersonic Technology Demonstration Vehicle (HSTDV), a clear indication of its commitment to developing cutting-edge military technologies. The subsequent tests of ‘Agni Prime’ missile and extended-range BrahMos missiles from various platforms underscored India’s intent to bolster its offensive capabilities. Most concerning, however, is the deployment of the Russian S-400 systems along the Pakistan border, a move that signals a likely shift in India’s strategic posture. Such events suggest that India is leaning toward a counterforce policy targeted at disarming Pakistan in a possible first strike. This perception is based on mix of enhanced missile tests, enhancements to Ballistic Missile Defensive Systems (BMDs), and strategic positioning of foreign-purchased defensive systems. The deployment of Agni-P missiles, with their high launch speed and precision, exacerbates these worries.

According to Pakistan’s strategic elite,........

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