In many ways, 2025 turned out to be a turning point for Pakistan. The country suddenly found itself mattering again in international affairs, even as persistent problems of political and economic instability at home persisted.

Four major developments defined this complex picture for Pakistan, highlighting both the opportunities and obstacles the country faced during the year.

First, after years of relative marginalization in global affairs, Pakistan was able to reclaim a prominent position on the world stage. This shift was sparked by the intense four-day military clashes with India in May, which showcased Pakistan’s military capabilities, especially in air operations, reportedly resulting in the downing of several Indian jets. For militaries across the world, this demonstrated that Pakistan’s armed forces had not only kept pace with India’s military modernization but, to an extent, effectively countered New Delhi’s advancements despite economic challenges at home. Despite grappling with internal terrorism, economic pressures, and political divisions, this performance significantly restored Pakistan’s strategic credibility internationally.

After clashes with India, Pakistan’s relations with the United States warmed meaningfully even as India’s ties with Washington faced strains. In the Middle East, Pakistan formalized a major mutual defense pact with Saudi Arabia and concluded a $4 billion arms deal with Libya. The country is also in talks with other regional countries for similar pacts and defense sales. Its counterterrorism efforts also yielded notable successes, including close collaboration with

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