Geopolitical and geoeconomic perspectives provide separate but frequently linked strategies in the field of foreign policy. The geopolitical approach focuses on a state’s power and its strategic placement in international arena. This standpoint shapes how governments manage alliances and conflicts through geographical control, military might and security strategies. Geoeconomic approach, on the other hand, places more emphasis on using economic instruments and policies to further political goals. It makes use of investment, trade,aid and sanctions to exert influence and further national objectives. In Pakistan’s context, geoeconomics means connectivity and development partnerships.

A complex interplay of political, economic and strategic factors has shaped the nature of Pakistan-US relations. Rather than being driven by economic synergies, geopolitical imperatives have historically determined this relationship with a blend of friction and cooperation. Pakistan sided with the US against the Soviet Union during the Cold War and benefited greatly from both military and financial support. Again, Pakistan was positioned as a crucial ally in the fight against terrorism spearheaded by the US following the 9/11 terrorist attacks. Pakistan’s geographical position makes it strategically important for the great powers.

However, in bilateral interactions between Pakistan and US, security........

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