In the ever-sprouting landscape of international relations, few relationships have undergone as much transformation in recent years as that between Europe and China. From the initial warmth of diplomatic engagements to the current atmosphere of strategic recalibration, the past five years have witnessed a complex interplay of political, economic, and strategic factors that have reshaped the dynamics between these two formidable actors on the global stage. President Xi Jinping’s recent visit to Europe serves as a poignant reflection of these changes, offering insights into the nuances and challenges of contemporary Euro-Chinese relations.

The evolving relationship between Europe and China is deeply intertwined with the intricate dance of geopolitics and the unfolding of global events. The COVID-19 pandemic, originating from China, has profoundly impacted Beijing’s global reputation. Initial shortcomings in transparency and accountability during the crisis have sown seeds of doubt and skepticism worldwide, eroding trust in China’s leadership. Moreover, Beijing’s perceived assertiveness in territorial disputes, notably in the South China Sea, and its alignment with Russia amidst the Ukrainian conflict, have triggered apprehension among European nations. These actions have raised concerns about........

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