Israel’s Haredim: 50 Shades of Black |
OK, so the headline here is slightly exaggerated. Israel’s ultra-Orthodox might come in “only” 10-20 different varieties, not 50. However, given that many non-Haredi Israelis view them monolithically (a perception probably more prevalent in the Diaspora), it is important to realize how heterogeneous they really are – and the profound trends among them. Why? Because understanding the complexity of Israel’s Haredi communities (note the plural) – and the forces shaping their future – is essential for getting a hold of the direction Israeli society will take deep into the 21st century.
On the face of it, all Haredim (in Hebrew: in Fear [of God]) adhere strictly to the Halakha (Jewish law), maintaining a lifestyle separate from secular society. However, such an umbrella definition is far too generalizing as it covers communities who are as distinct from each other as they are from the secular sector. But before getting into some surprising trends (past, present, and future), here’s a brief survey of the three main groups, and a few that are lesser known.
1. Lithuanian has been shaped by a tradition of intensive Talmudic study, centered around large yeshivot (religious seminaries), their communities generally clustered in Israel’s central cities like Bnei Brak and Jerusalem. Most men study full-time and rely on state and communal support.
2. Hasidim are a sect established in 18th century Eastern Europe, characterized by mysticism, joyous worship, and allegiance to charismatic rabbis. Israel is home to numerous Hasidic sub-sects: Gur, Belz, Vizhnitz, Satmar, and Chabad, each with their own customs, dress, spiritual outlook, and dynastic rabbinic leaders. How different? Satmar is rabidly anti-Zionist whereas Chabad is officially neutral but in practice mildly pro-Zionist.
3. Sephardim: Highly religious Jews from the Middle East and North........