The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC-1992) defines climate change as “changes in the physical environment attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alter the composition of the global atmosphere.” Highlighting the grave impact of climate change on health, livelihoods, and the future, the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) warned in its 2018 report that “climate change could be irreversible by 2030,” urging immediate action to prevent the catastrophic effects of global warming.

The emission of greenhouse gases (GHG), identified as early as 1857, remains a major cause of ozone layer depletion, leading to the continuous rise in Earth’s temperature. Additional factors such as deforestation, chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) emissions, poor industrial waste management, unchecked industrialization, fossil fuel use, unplanned urbanization, and pollution have exacerbated environmental degradation.

Climate change is a stark reality that not only endangers health, lifestyles, and the future but also significantly impacts agriculture. Pakistan, despite being one of the least contributors to climate degradation, ranks among the........

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