Pakistan is among the world’s most climate-vulnerable countries, ranked fifth in the Global Vulnerability Assessment Report. The recently released 2025 Climate Risk Index (CRI) by Germanwatch highlights that over 33 million people were affected by the 2022 floods, and 1,700 lost their lives. Monsoon rainfall increased by 50% compared to long-term averages, and roughly 8 million people were displaced. Heatwaves from March to May triggered Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) in the northern regions, followed by prolonged, intense monsoon rains—243% above normal—making August 2022 the wettest month on record.

Yet 2022’s devastation represents just one extreme event in a country frequently beset by floods, with Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan hardest hit. Pakistan’s diverse geography—mountains, plains, coastlines, and arid zones—offers many benefits but also heightens its exposure to a variety of........

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