Ponzi schemes and financial bubbles: lessons from history |
Many investors are asking themselves if we are living in an AI bubble; others have gone beyond that and are simply asking themselves, until when? Yet the bubble keeps growing, fuelled by that perilous sentiment of “fear of missing out”. History and recent experience show us that financial bubbles are often created by investor overenthusiasm with new “world-changing” technologies and when they burst, they reveal surreal fraud schemes that develop under the cover of the bubble.
A Ponzi scheme pays existing investors with money from new investors rather than actual profits, requiring continuous recruitment until it inevitably collapses. A characteristic of these schemes is that they are hard to detect before the bubble bursts, but amazingly simple to understand in retrospect.
In this article we address the question What footprints do Ponzi schemes leave in technology-driven financial bubbles that might help us anticipate the next one to emerge under cover of the AI frenzy? We shall do this by comparing the “Railway King” George Hudson’s Ponzi of the 1840s with Bernie Madoff’s Ponzi enabled by the ICT (information and communications technology) and dotcom of the 1990s-2000s and sustained by the subsequent US housing bubble.
The railway mania in the UK started in 1829 as a result of investors’ expectations for the growth of this new technology and the lack of alternative investment vehicles caused by the government’s halting of bond issuance. The promise of railway technology created an influx of railway companies, illustrated by the registration of over fifty in just the