THE international nation-state system is based on anarchy, where each state must ensure its security independently. From the perspective of Westphalia, two key characteristics define a nation-state: no internal parallel and no external superior above the state. In international politics, the national power of a state is considered the hallmark for determining its status. The national power of any state relies on combination of many elements and factors, collectively known as elements of national power. Among these, the military is regarded as most significant factor.

Traditionally, Pakistan’s military has served as a strong pillar of national power. In this context, the Pakistani military has faced numerous challenges in defeating aggressive designs of rival powers at both regional and international levels. The most recent and defining test came in May 2025. Following the Pahalgam terrorist attack on April 22, 2025, India launched Operation Sindoor on May 7, striking Pakistani territory. Pakistan responded with Operation Bunyan-un-Marsoos, and a ceasefire was reached on May 10. Thereafter, Field Marshal Asim Munir reinvigorated the military command structure for a better coordination to fight all forms of warfare; land, air, naval, cyber, and strategic forces in any future confrontation. The performance of Pakistan’s military during this four-day multi-domain conflict reaffirmed its professional standing and reinvigorated the bond of trust........

© Pakistan Observer