SINCE Pakistan’s independence, Balochistan has often been viewed through the prism of its vast natural resources and geo-economic potential.

Endowed with abundant mineral wealth, significant energy reserves and an extensive coastline along the Arabian Sea, the province has long been regarded as a cornerstone of Pakistan’s future economic development. Yet, Balochistan’s significance extends far beyond its resource riches. Its unique geographical location has made it a focal point of regional and global power politics for decades. What makes Balochistan critically important for Pakistan’s strategic stability is the sustained interest of major global powers competing for influence in a highly volatile region. Historically as well as in contemporary times, the province has remained central to the strategic calculations of external actors seeking access, influence and leverage. As great-power competition intensifies in the twenty-first century, Balochistan has emerged as one of the most consequential geopolitical spaces in the broader Asian region.

From the era of Tsarist Russia through the Soviet Union and into the present-day Russian Federation, Moscow has consistently viewed access to the warm waters of the Arabian Sea as strategically desirable. The United States has likewise maintained enduring interests in Pakistan, particularly in regions of strategic significance such as Balochistan. During the early Cold War years, Washington incorporated Pakistan into security arrangements such as CENTO and SEATO, viewing the country as a key partner in containing Soviet expansion. Following the events of September 11, 2001 and the subsequent global war on terror,........

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