What does the much-invoked “Ideology of Pakistan” actually mean, and who decided what it should represent? These questions sit at the heart of a wide-ranging and deeply reflective conversation on New Wave History with renowned historian and political scientist Dr. Jaffer Ahmed, one of Pakistan’s most respected scholars of politics, history, and state formation.

Drawing on decades of teaching, research, and more than twenty published books, Dr. Ahmed challenges the assumption that Pakistan is somehow unique as an “ideological state”. He argues instead that all states operate within ideological frameworks, whether explicitly........

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