MODERN states are faced with numerous traditional and non-traditional security challenges, including threats from Violent Non-State Actors (VNSAs). VNSAs are usually defined as groups that employ violence and propagate and support extremism for the furtherance of their ideological or political objectives. Since most of today’s armed conflicts take place within states, the VNSA phenomenon can also be described as ‘the enemy within’.

VNSAs either attract volunteers or recruit activists by force. They have a hierarchy and command structure that usually operates outside state control or influence. Where a chain of command is absent, VNSAs exist as loosely organised groups. In exceptional situations, some VNSAs control territory and have established parallel administrative control. Some VNSAs may have clearly defined political objectives, while others operate in ambiguity. Some are active in rural areas, while others are mainly in urban areas. Groups active in urban areas require more sophistication and proficiency. A few groups prefer targeting the military, while others prefer civilians. Some groups appoint women in important roles; in others, they serve in support roles.

VNSAs can take full advantage of the weaknesses in........

© Dawn