Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s latest phone call with US President Donald Trump on December 11 underscores the increasingly complex and strategically significant relationship between New Delhi and Washington. While both leaders publicly emphasized the “warmth” of the discussion, the backdrop of escalating trade tensions, pending tariff threats, and India’s expanding partnership with Russia reveals a far more intricate diplomatic dance.

Modi noted that the conversation was “very warm and engaging,” highlighting shared commitments to global peace, stability, and prosperity. According to his post on X, the two leaders reviewed bilateral progress and exchanged views on strengthening cooperation in trade, critical technologies, defense, energy, and security. On the surface, the message conveyed continuity and trust. But underneath these optimistic statements lies a challenging set of negotiations that could shape the future trajectory of India–US relations.

The phone call marks the third interaction between Modi and Trump since the US imposed 50% tariffs on Indian goods in August-half of which Washington explicitly labeled a penalty for New Delhi’s continued purchase of discounted Russian oil. The measure was widely seen as part of Trump’s broader effort to pressure strategic partners into aligning with his administration’s energy and security priorities, particularly regarding Russia.

The tariffs have already complicated bilateral trade discussions, and they continue to generate unease in New Delhi. India has long argued that its energy........

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