Migration becomes a structural global force in 2025
The year 2025 marks a decisive turning point in the global migration debate. What was once largely framed as a humanitarian challenge or an episodic emergency has now evolved into a core structural issue shaping geopolitics, national security strategies, economic planning, and demographic futures. The convergence of armed conflict, accelerating climate change, and deepening economic pressures has elevated migration from a secondary policy concern to one of the defining forces of global governance. Migration in 2025 is no longer temporary, peripheral, or manageable through short-term crisis responses; it has become a permanent feature of a rapidly transforming international order.
One of the most powerful drivers of migration this year has been armed conflict. Ongoing wars in Gaza, Sudan, Yemen, and Ukraine have collectively displaced tens of millions of people, producing cascading effects that extend far beyond national borders. These conflicts have not only uprooted populations but have destabilized regional economies, strained international aid systems, and altered the strategic calculations of neighboring states. Prolonged bombardment, destruction of civilian infrastructure, and severe restrictions on humanitarian access have created some of the worst internal displacement crises seen in the past decade.
Sudan now represents the fastest-growing displacement crisis in the world. Widespread violence, ethnic targeting, and famine-like conditions have forced entire communities to flee their homes, often multiple times. Yemen’s long-running conflict has hollowed out state capacity, eroded essential services, and left millions dependent on shrinking humanitarian assistance. Meanwhile, Ukraine remains at the center of Europe’s largest displacement crisis since the Second World War. Millions of Ukrainians continue to live as refugees across the continent, while millions more remain internally displaced, unable to return due to insecurity, destroyed........





















Toi Staff
Sabine Sterk
Penny S. Tee
Gideon Levy
Waka Ikeda
Grant Arthur Gochin
Tarik Cyril Amar