Since the Syrian crisis erupted in 2011, Turkey has been inextricably tied to the conflict due to its geographical proximity, historical connections, and strategic interests. From the very beginning, Turkey emerged as one of the staunchest supporters of the opposition against the Assad regime, offering both political and military backing. This commitment led Turkey to become the primary base for the Syrian opposition-in-exile, playing a crucial role in the formation and sustenance of the opposition’s political and military structures. However, as the conflict has dragged on for over a decade, Turkey’s position has become increasingly complex, involving not only the support of the opposition but also managing the fallout of the crisis within its own borders and navigating the intricate web of international and regional dynamics.
Turkey’s involvement in the Syrian conflict began in earnest shortly after the outbreak of protests against Bashar al-Assad’s regime in 2011. With a policy aimed at supporting the overthrow of Assad, Ankara quickly aligned itself with the opposition forces. Turkey hosted the first meetings of the Syrian National Council (SNC), a coalition of opposition groups formed to present a unified front against the Assad regime. The SNC was predominantly composed of members ideologically aligned with the Turkish government, and this close relationship underscored Turkey’s commitment to the Syrian opposition’s cause.
In addition to political support, Turkey also provided significant military backing to the opposition. The Free Syrian Army (FSA), the main armed wing of the opposition, established its headquarters in Turkey in October 2011. This move signified Turkey’s deepening involvement in the military aspect of the conflict, as it allowed the FSA to operate from Turkish territory, receiving logistical support and a safe haven from which to launch operations against the Assad regime.
Turkey’s efforts were not limited to military and........