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As 2025 draws to a close, Pakistan’s internal security landscape has deteriorated further while grappling with two full-scale insurgencies in the restive Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan provinces. While the Pakistani state took several steps to address the security challenges, militant groups evolved their operational strategies to persist with their violent campaigns. Pakistan’s porous borders with Iran and Afghanistan, easy access to small and light weapons that the US left behind in Afghanistan to militant networks, the growing state-society gap in Pakistan and the existence of several ethnic and sectarian fault-lines together, shaped Pakistan’s threat landscape. 

The foremost security challenge came from cross-border terror attacks of Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) and Ittehad-ul-Mujahideen Pakistan (IMP). The latter is an inter-group alliance of Hafiz Gul Bahadur Group, Lashkar-e-Islam and the newly formed Harkat Inqilab-i-Islami Pakistan (HIIP). Since the Taliban’s return to power in August 2021, Pakistan used two tracks, negotiations and diplomatic persuasion to overcome cross-border terrorism from Afghanistan with no avail. Resultantly, Pakistan adopted a more aggressive and bold stance of targeting terror camps of........

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