The post-World War II era was dominated by idealism that gave birth to a dense architecture of multilateral institutions and Western-led governance frameworks.

That order has now reached a decisive historical inflection point. The foreign policy paradigm forged during the two administrations of United States President Donald Trump — marked by unilateralism, transactional nationalism, and a recalibration of historic alliances — represents a sharp break from prior international norms. Combining coercive leverage with strategic media manipulation, this shift has heralded a new foreign policy phenomenon: Trumpism.

By combining assertions of national sovereignty with an anti-establishment tone, Trumpism systematically challenges the core assumptions that had underpinned global governance for generations.

At its core, it represents a deliberate move away from grand, Western-dominated global leadership towards a decentralised, issue-specific, and deeply transactional international order.

The pillars of transactional statecraft

Trumpism’s operational strategy has replaced traditional multilateral commitments with a hardheaded focus on economic statecraft and national interest. Foreign policy engagements have been explicitly tethered to domestic economic priorities: reindustrialisation, a revitalised defence industrial base, energy dominance, balanced trade, and leadership in the financial sector.

To achieve these aims, the Trump administration has eschewed expansive multinational agreements in favour of bilateral bargains, deploying aggressive tariffs, coercive trade measures, and sanctions as primary........

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